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- C++ Basics
Enter help, help command, or help-verbose to see a list of console commands and learn about specific commands. To exit the console session, enter quit or exit. Here's an example session: $ telnet localhost 5554 Trying::1. Telnet: connect to address::1: Connection refused Trying 127.0.0.1. Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^'. This process is relatively easy as long as you know what Dev-C requires to do this. In this page you will be given instructions using the Project menu choice. In another handout you will be given instructions on how to manually compile, link and execute C files at the command prompt of a command window. Step 1: Configure Dev-C. It's important to know that the commands in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and XP are called CMD commands or Command Prompt commands, and the commands in Windows 98/95 and MS-DOS are called DOS commands. We've included all of them in this list to help show changes in commands from operating system to operating system.
- C++ Object Oriented
- C++ Advanced
- C++ Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
List of Some C Commands; comments: Allows inclusion of any remarks that are ignored by the compiler: syntax /. anything./ where anything are any characters including line feeds (except star slash). Used to add name, date, identifying information and explanatory comments to your source file to increase readability. C I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. To main memory, this is called input operation and if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc., this is called output.
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The C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of input/output capabilities which we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss very basic and most common I/O operations required for C++ programming.
C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. to main memory, this is called input operation and if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc., this is called output operation.
I/O Library Header Files
There are following header files important to C++ programs −
Sr.No | Header File & Function and Description |
---|---|
1 | <iostream> This file defines the cin, cout, cerr and clog objects, which correspond to the standard input stream, the standard output stream, the un-buffered standard error stream and the buffered standard error stream, respectively. |
2 | This file declares services useful for performing formatted I/O with so-called parameterized stream manipulators, such as setw and setprecision. |
3 | <fstream> This file declares services for user-controlled file processing. We will discuss about it in detail in File and Stream related chapter. |
The Standard Output Stream (cout)
The predefined object cout is an instance of ostream class. The cout object is said to be 'connected to' the standard output device, which usually is the display screen. The cout is used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator, which is written as << which are two less than signs as shown in the following example.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
The C++ compiler also determines the data type of variable to be output and selects the appropriate stream insertion operator to display the value. The << operator is overloaded to output data items of built-in types integer, float, double, strings and pointer values.
The insertion operator << may be used more than once in a single statement as shown above and endl is used to add a new-line at the end of the line.
The Standard Input Stream (cin)
The predefined object cin is an instance of istream class. The cin object is said to be attached to the standard input device, which usually is the keyboard. The cin is used in conjunction with the stream extraction operator, which is written as >> which are two greater than signs as shown in the following example.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it will prompt you to enter a name. You enter a value and then hit enter to see the following result −
The C++ compiler also determines the data type of the entered value and selects the appropriate stream extraction operator to extract the value and store it in the given variables.
The stream extraction operator >> may be used more than once in a single statement. To request more than one datum you can use the following −
This will be equivalent to the following two statements −
The Standard Error Stream (cerr)
The predefined object cerr is an instance of ostream class. The cerr object is said to be attached to the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object cerr is un-buffered and each stream insertion to cerr causes its output to appear immediately.
The cerr is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in the following example.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
The Standard Log Stream (clog)
The predefined object clog is an instance of ostream class. The clog object is said to be attached to the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object clog is buffered. This means that each insertion to clog could cause its output to be held in a buffer until the buffer is filled or until the buffer is flushed.
The clog is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in the following example.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
You would not be able to see any difference in cout, cerr and clog with these small examples, but while writing and executing big programs the difference becomes obvious. So it is good practice to display error messages using cerr stream and while displaying other log messages then clog should be used.
Visual Studio Code has a powerful command line interface built-in that lets you control how you launch the editor. You can open files, install extensions, change the display language, and output diagnostics through command-line options (switches).
If you are looking for how to run command-line tools inside VS Code, see the Integrated Terminal.
Command line help
To get an overview of the VS Code command line interface, open a terminal or command prompt and type
code --help
. You will see the version, usage example, and list of command line options.Launching from command line
You can launch VS Code from the command line to quickly open a file, folder, or project. Typically, you open VS Code within the context of a folder. To do this, from an open terminal or command prompt, navigate to your project folder and type
code .
:Note: Users on macOS must first run a command (Shell Command: Install 'code' command in PATH) to add VS Code executable to the
PATH
environment variable. Read the macOS setup guide for help.Windows and Linux installations should add the VS Code binaries location to your system path. If this isn't the case, you can manually add the location to the
Path
environment variable ($PATH
on Linux). For example, on Windows, VS Code is installed under AppDataLocalProgramsMicrosoft VS Codebin
. To review platform specific setup instructions, see Setup.Insiders: If you are using the VS Code Insiders preview, you launch your Insiders build with
code-insiders
.Core CLI options
Here are optional arguments you can use when starting VS Code at the command line via
code
:Argument | Description |
---|---|
-h or --help | Print usage |
-v or --version | Print VS Code version (for example, 1.22.2), GitHub commit id, and architecture (for example, x64). |
-n or --new-window | Opens a new session of VS Code instead of restoring the previous session (default). |
-r or --reuse-window | Forces opening a file or folder in the last active window. |
-g or --goto | When used with file:line[:character], opens a file at a specific line and optional character position. This argument is provided since some operating systems permit : in a file name. |
-d or --diff | Open a file difference editor. Requires two file paths as arguments. |
-w or --wait | Wait for the files to be closed before returning. |
--locale <locale> | Set the display language (locale) for the VS Code session. (for example, en-US or zh-TW ) |
Opening Files and Folders
Sometimes you will want to open or create a file. If the specified file does not exist, VS Code will create them for you along with any new intermediate folders:
For both files and folders, you can use absolute or relative paths. Relative paths are relative to the current directory of the command prompt where you run
code
.If you specify more than one file at the command line, VS Code will open only a single instance.
If you specify more than one folder at the command line, VS Code will create a Multi-root Workspace including each folder.
Argument | Description |
---|---|
file | Name of a file to open. If the file doesn't exist, it will be created and marked as edited. You can specify multiple files by separating each file name with a space. |
file:line[:character] | Used with the -g argument. Name of a file to open at the specified line and optional character position. You can specify multiple files in this manner, but you must use the -g argument (once) before using the file:line[:character] specifier. |
folder | Name of a folder to open. You can specify multiple folders and a new Multi-root Workspace is created. |
Working with extensions
You can install and manage VS Code extensions from the command line.
Argument | Description |
---|---|
--install-extension <ext> | Install an extension. Provide the full extension name publisher.extension as an argument. Use --force argument to avoid prompts. |
--uninstall-extension <ext> | Uninstall an extension. Provide the full extension name publisher.extension as an argument. |
--disable-extensions | Disable all installed extensions. Extensions will still be visible in the Disabled section of the Extensions view but they will never be activated. |
--list-extensions | List the installed extensions. |
--show-versions | Show versions of installed extensions, when using --list-extensions |
--enable-proposed-api <ext> | Enables proposed api features for an extension. Provide the full extension name publisher.extension as an argument. |
Advanced CLI options
There are several CLI options that help with reproducing errors and advanced setup.
Argument | Description |
---|---|
--extensions-dir <dir> | Set the root path for extensions. Has no effect in Portable Mode. |
--user-data-dir <dir> | Specifies the directory that user data is kept in, useful when running as root. Has no effect in Portable Mode. |
-s, --status | Print process usage and diagnostics information. |
-p, --performance | Start with the Developer: Startup Performance command enabled. |
--disable-gpu | Disable GPU hardware acceleration. |
--verbose | Print verbose output (implies --wait ). |
--prof-startup | Run CPU profiler during startup. |
--upload-logs | Uploads logs from current session to a secure endpoint. |
Multi-root | |
--add <dir> | Add folder(s) to the last active window for a multi-root workspace. |
Opening VS Code with URLs
You can also open projects and files using the platform's URL handling mechanism. Use the following URL formats to:
Open a project
Open a file
Open a file to line and column
You can use the URL in applications such as browsers or file explorers that can parse and redirect the URL. For example, on Windows, you could pass a
vscode://
URL directly to the Windows Explorer or to the command line as start vscode://{full path to file}
.Note: If you are using VS Code Insiders builds, the URL prefix is
vscode-insiders://
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Next steps
Read on to find out about:
Dev C 2b 2b Commands List Pdf
- Integrated Terminal - Run command-line tools from inside VS Code.
- Basic Editing - Learn the basics of the VS Code editor.
- Code Navigation - VS Code lets you quickly understand and move through your source code.
Common questions
'code' is not recognized as an internal or external command
Your OS can not find the VS Code binary
code
on its path. The VS Code Windows and Linux installations should have installed VS Code on your path. Try uninstalling and reinstalling VS Code. If code
is still not found, consult the platform specific setup topics for Windows and Linux.Dev C 2b 2b Commands List Command
On macOS, you need to manually run the Shell Command: Install 'code' command in PATH command (available through the Command Palette⇧⌘P (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+P)). Consult the macOS specific setup topic for details.
How do I get access to a command line (terminal) from within VS Code?
VS Code has an Integrated Terminal where you can run command-line tools from within VS Code.
Can I specify the settings location for VS Code in order to have a portable version?
Not directly through the command line, but VS Code has a Portable Mode which lets you keep settings and data in the same location as your installation, for example, on a USB drive.